present in the cells and tissues present on the materials, as well as variable ion con­

centrations and a spectrum of chemicals and biomolecules – the majority of which are

chemically active. To ensure that devices remain chemically stable and electrically

functional over an extended period, it is necessary to consider the chemical processes that

occur throughout the device’s operation while designing the device, which can either be

undesirable or desirable, depending on the use. A thorough analysis of the material’s

chemical characteristics enables it to be properly tuned in terms of its stability [1].

1.3 Innovative Technologies in Bioelectronics

There are mainly two innovative technologies actively engaged in bioelectronics. The first

one is bioelectronics corporation as a leader in non-invasive electroceuticals and the

manufacturer of an industry-leading family of disposable, drug-free pain therapy de­

vices, including ActiPatch® Therapy (an over-the-counter treatment for back pain and

other musculoskeletal complaints), RecoveryRx® Devices (for chronic and post-operative

wound care), Allay® Menstrual Pain Therapy, and HealFast® Therapy (for dogs and cats).

The second one is electroCore medical technology. This is a non-implanted device called

GammaCore that stimulates the vagal nerve as a way of treating cluster headaches and

migraines in Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, and other areas of Europe. The

non-invasive gadget is also being developed for use in other conditions such as epilepsy,

asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, and potentially Alzheimer’s disease [24].

The design of electronic medical devices using wireless power transfer has been ac­

complished by Stanford engineers, who have devised a method of wirelessly transferring

electricity deep into the body, and using this power to operate minute electronic medical

devices. Furthermore, it raised the prospect that this technology might pave the way for a

new style of medicine that would allow physicians to treat diseases using electrical devices

rather than pharmaceuticals in the future. Electronic pulses, rather than medications,

are used to treat migraine headaches by ElexroCore. ElexroCore has created a portable

device that relieves migraine headaches instead of using pharmaceuticals. A device called

the GammaCore, which looks like an electric razor and is put against the neck, where it

stimulates the vagus nerve, is referred to as electroceuticals or bioelectronics in the scientific

literature. The electrical pulses aid in the management of a chemical known as glutamate,

which has been related to migraines in certain studies [26].

1.4 Materials and Their Classifications in Bioelectronics

1.4.1 Bioelectronics with Inorganic Semiconductors

Inorganic semiconductors are frequently employed in the study of electronic and pho­

tonic bio-interfaces, as well as in a variety of other applications. A few examples of high-

performance electronic applications include electronic sensing, signal amplification,

transduction, etc. Scientists have taken a special interest in Si-based semiconductors, in

particular, because of their biocompatibility and the fact that they have undergone ex­

tensive microfabrication development. Si has high charge carrier mobilities, which results

Introduction to Bioelectronics

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